Crop Requirements and Nutrient Sources
Adequate nutrition is essential if productive new corn hybrids are to realize their full yield potential. This publication provides fertilizer guidelines based on university research and a special section on manures as nutrient sources for corn.
Manure
- Soil-Plant Nutrient Interaction on Manure-Enriched Calcareous Soils, 2014
- Biochar and Manure Affects Calcareous Soil and Corn Silage Nutrients Concentrations and Uptake, 2012
- Nutrient Availability to Corn from Dairy Manures and Fertilizer in a Calcareous Soil, 2011
- Compost and Manure Effects on Fertilized Corn Silage Yield and Nitrogen Uptake under Irrigation, 2007
- Mycorrhizal Colonization and Nutrition of Wheat and Sweet Corn Grown in Manure-Treated and Untreated Topsoil and Subsoil, 2008
Nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium
- Improving Nitrogen Management for Corn in Southern Idaho and Southwest Oregon, 2014
- Zeolite Soil Application Method Affects Inorganic Nitrogen, Moisture and Corn Growth, 2011
- Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Placement in Corn Production (pdf)
- Evaluation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Placement with Strip Tillage for Irrigated Pacific Northwest Corn Production, 2010
- Back to Basics — Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deficiencies in Corn (pdf)
- Evaluation of Strip-Tillage and Fertilizer Placement in Southern Idaho Corn Production
- Comparison of Nitrogen Fertilization Methods and Rates for Subsurface Drip Irrigated Corn in the Semi-Arid Great Plains, 2013
- Nitrogen Placement, Row Spacing and Water Management for Furrow-Irrigated Field Corn, 2008
- Crop Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities
- Nitrogen Placement, Row Spacing and Furrow Irrigation Water Positioning Effects on Corn Yield, 2000
- Phosphorus Removal by Silage Corn in Southern Idaho, 2010
- Phosphorus Losses in Runoff After Application of Litter from Broilers Fed High-Available Phosphorus Corn Feed, 2007
- Phosphorus Removal in a Double Drop Forage System (pdf)
Secondary and micronutrients
- Copper Impacts on Corn, Soil Extractability and the Soil Bacterial Community, 2010
- Copper Sequestration Using Local Waste Products, 2010
- Site-Specific Management of pH-Induced Iron Chlorosis of Maize, 2007
- Effect of Corn, Sugarbeets and Fallow on Zinc Availability to Subsequent Crops, 1986
Tillage practices
- Consider the Value of Plant Nutrients in Your Hay and Corn Silage (pdf)
- Evaluation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Placement With Strip Tillage for Irrigated Pacific Northwest Corn Production, 2010
- Intensive Cropping of Maize in the Southeastern United States (pdf)
- Producing No-Till Cereal or Corn Following Alfalfa on Furrow-Irrigated Land, 1991
- Conservation Tillage in Soybean and Corn in the South Carolina Coastal Plain, 1989
- Northern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Alfalfa, CIS 447, 2005
- Northern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Grass Pastures, CIS 853, 2005
- Northern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Grass Seedings for Conservation Programs, CIS 820, 2005
- Northern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Legume and Legume-Grass Pastures, CIS 851, 2005
- Southern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Irrigated Alfalfa, CIS 1102, 2002
- Southern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Irrigated Pastures, CIS 392, 2009
Alfalfa
- Consider the Value of Plant Nutrients in Your Hay and Corn Silage (pdf)
- Soil Fertility Management with Dairy Compost in an Organic, High-Elevation Alfalfa System, 2012
- Unconventional Annual Forage Yield and Quality: Extended Grazing Potential (pdf)
- Triticale Boot-Stage Forage K, MG, CA, S and Micronutrient Content (pdf)
- Interactive Effects of Copper on Alfalfa Growth, Soil Copper and Soil Bacteria, 2011
- Copper Sequestration Using Local Waste Products (pdf)
- Nitrogen Fertility of Alfalfa (pdf)
- Dairy Compost Effects on Soil Test Levels (pdf)
- Phosphorus Management for the Maximum Alfalfa Yield and Quality, 2004
- Residual Phosphorus Effects on Alfalfa Seed Pollination and Production (pdf)
- Trace Metal Toxicity from Manure in Idaho: Emphasis on Copper (pdf)
- Alfalfa Fertility and Compost Management (pdf)
- Phosphorus Removal in a Double Cropped Forage System (pdf)
- Crop Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities
- Nutrient Availability for Alfalfa Seed Production (pdf)
Grasses
- Soil Testing on Irrigated Pastures (pdf)
- Mg and K Effects on Cation Uptake and Dry Matter Accumulations in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea), 2007
- Elemental Uptake in Relation to Root Characteristics of Tall Fescue, 2006
- Performance of High-Magnesium Cultivars of Three Cool-Season Grasses Grown in Nutrient Solution Culture, 2011
- Adequate Soil Phosphorus Decreases The Grass Tetany Potential of Tall Fescue Pasture, 2002
Legumes
- Composting of Dairy Manure and Grape Vine Prunings Using Three Different Composting Techniques (pdf)
- Nutrient Digest Summer 2012 (pdf)
- Nutrient Management in Idaho Grape Production, CIS 1171, 2009
- Sampling Guide for Nutrient Assessment of Irrigated Vineyards in the Inland Pacific Northwest, PNW 622, 2011
- Influence of Deficit Irrigation on Nutrient Indices in Wine Grape (Vitis vinifera L.), 2012
Onions are grown primarily under furrow or drip irrigation in southwest Idaho and are a high value crop. Most of the harvested onions are marketed from storage during the fall, winter and early spring. They represent roughly a third of the onions marketed nationally. Fertilizers historically are used extensively. Onion culture presents special challenges for effective nutrient management. The root system is relatively shallow though roots extend well into the second foot. The soils program at Parma has addressed onion fertilization issues since the 1970s.
- Southern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Onions, CIS 1081, 2000
- Nutrient Management for Onions in the Pacific Northwest, PNW 546, 2001
Nitrogen
- Early Season Nitrogen Sources for Onions (pdf)
- Fall Applied Nitrogen Sources for Onions (pdf)
- Nitrogen and Water Use Efficiency in Onion Production under Drip and Furrow Irrigation (pdf)
- Soil Test N for Predicting Onion N Requirements — An Idaho Perspective (pdf)
Phosphorus
- Onion Response to Fall Banded Fertilizer Phosphorus (pdf)
- Biofumigant Nitrogen Release and Influence on Subsequent Onion and Wheat as Affected by Phosphorus (pdf)
- Onion Response to Phosphorus Placement and Fumigation (pdf)
- Placement of Fall Applied P for Early Season Onion Growth — Year 3 (pdf)
- Placement of Fall Applied P for Early Season Onion Growth — Year 2 (pdf)
- Placement of Fall Applied P for Early Season Onion Growth — Year 1 (pdf)
Effective management of nutrients is critical for potato production, as tuber yield and tuber quality are directly impacted by quantity and timing of nutrient applications. Potatoes have high nutrient demands, as they require approximately 220 lb nitrogen (N), 30 lb phosphorus (P) and 300 lb potassium (K) per acre to produce a 450 cwt./acre yield of Russet Burbanks, a typical yield for southern Idaho.
- Daily Nutrient Use in Potatoes (pdf)
- How to Implement the Updated Gap Audit, 2011 (pdf)
- Nutrient Management Practices Used in Potato Production in Idaho, 2011
- Nutritional Requirements of Potatoes, 2005
Copper soils
Cull (waste)
- Cull and Waste Potato Management, CIS 814, 2001
- Decomposition of Potato Processing Wastes in Soil, 1986
- Phosphorus Movement in Calcareous Soils Irrigated with Waste Water from Potato Processing Plants, 1977
Garden potatoes
Irrigation
Manure
- Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Dairy Manure with Potato Waste, 2014
- Manure Management in Potatoes: Salt Accumulations in Idaho Soils (pdf)
- Manure Management and Potato Production (pdf)
- Dairy Compost Utilization in Cropping Systems (pdf)
- Fertilizing Potatoes in Idaho with Dairy Manure (pdf)
Nitrogen
- Challenges in Providing Sufficient Nitrogen to Organic Potatoes (pdf)
- Biofuel Byproducts as Nitrogen Sources for Potatoes (pdf)
- Nitrogen Fertilizer Management for New Potato Varieties (pdf)
- Potato Varietal Responses to Nitrogen Rate and Timing
- Nutrient Management Following the 2000 PIK Program (pdf)
- Interaction of Crop Protectants with Potato Nitrogen Management (pdf)
- Long Term Effects of Dairy Compost on Crop Production and Soil Quality (pdf)
Organic
- Organic Potato Production in Idaho: Nutrient Management and Variety Selection, BUL 885, 2013
- Organic Potato Production: Nitrogen Management and Variety Trials (pdf)
- Organic Potato Production and Storage (pdf)
- Challenges in Providing Sufficient Nitrogen to Organic Potatoes (pdf)
- Biofuel Byproducts as Nitrogen Sources for Potatoes (pdf)
Phosphorus
- Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency with Carbond P and Carboxylic Acid Polymer (Avail) Fertilizer Additives (pdf)
- Potato Variety Response to Phosphorus Fertilizer (pdf)
- Humic Acid Effects on Potato Response to Phosphorus (pdf)
- Phosphorus Nutrition in Potato Production (pdf)
Potassium
- Effect of Potassium Rate Source and Application Timing on Potato Yield and Quality (pdf)
- Potassium Considerations for Southern Idaho Soils
- Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization of Potatoes: Sugars and Starch, 1994
- Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization of Potatoes: Yield and Specific Gravity, 1994
- Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization of Potatoes: Evaluating Nutrient Element Interactions in Petioles with Response Surfaces, 1994
Varieties
- Residual Effects of Fresh and Composted Dairy Manure Application on Potato Production, 2011
- Planting System Effect on Yield Response of Russet Norkotah to Irrigation and Nitrogen under High Intensity Sprinkler Irrigation, 2010
- Highland Russet: A Full Season, Processing Variety with High Yields of Uniform U.S. No. 1 Tubers, 2009
- Cultural Management of Western Russet Potatoes, CIS 1152, 2008
- Cultural Management of Blazer Russet Potatoes, CIS 1149, 2008
- Potato Variety Response to Phosphorus Fertilizer (pdf)
Small grains are important crops throughout Idaho and are grown in diverse production systems ranging from fully irrigated to low rainfall wheat-fallow. Wheat market classes include soft white winter and spring; hard red winter and spring; hard white winter and spring; club; and durum. Wheat is also fed to livestock. Barley is grown for malt, animal feed and human food. Combined small grains represent the second most valuable crop marketed in Idaho. They are valuable for the receipts they provide directly to farms but also are excellent rotation crops for other commodities that may involve higher production costs, marketing risks and income potential. Effective nutrient management is critical for the success of small grains, affecting both production and quality.
- Northern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Spring Barley, CIS 920, 2007
- Northern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Winter Barley, CIS 954, 2007
- Northern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Soft White Spring Wheat, CIS 1101, 2007
- Northern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Winter Wheat, CIS 453, 2015
- Northern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Oats, CIS 1135, 2007
- Idaho Spring Barley Production Guide (Southern Idaho), BUL 742, 2003
- Southern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Irrigated Winter Barley, CIS 1082, 2000
- Southern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Irrigated Spring Wheat, CIS 828, 2001
- Southern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Irrigated Winter Wheat, CIS 373, 2001
Barley
- Dairy Manure Nitrogen Availability in Eroded and Noneroded Soil for Sugarbeet Followed by Small Grains, 2011
- Optimizing Nitrogen Use for Irrigated Waxy Barley, 2010 (pdf)
- Dairy Compost Utilization in Cropping Systems (pdf)
- Phosphorus Fertility Effects on the Expression of the Low Phytic Acid Barley Phenotype, 2009
- Phosphorus Availability to Barley from Manures and Fertilizers on a Calcareous Soil, 2005
- Fertilizing for End Use Quality (pdf)
- Phosphorus Removal in a Double Cropped Forage System (pdf)
- Long term Effects of Dairy Compost on Crop Production and Soil Quality (pdf)
Oats
Residue management
- Small Grain Residue Management Effects on Soil Organic Carbon — A Literature Review, 2009
- Irrigated Small Grain Residue Management Effects on Soil Chemical and Physical Properties and Nutrient Cycling, 2009
- Hayland Conversion to Wheat Production in Semiarid Eastern Montana: Tillage, Yield and Hay Production Comparisons, 1997
- Economics of Tillage Practices and Spring Wheat and Barley Crop Sequence in the Northern Great Plains, 1995
- Producing No-Till Cereal or Corn Following Alfalfa on Furrow-Irrigated Land, 1991
Triticale
- Triticale Boot-Stage Forage K, MG, CA, S and Micronutrient Content (pdf)
- Nitrogen Timing For Boot Stage Triticale Forage Yield And Phosphorus Uptake (pdf)
- Double Cropped Winter Forages, BUL 869, 2009
- Phosphorus Removal with Triticale in Manure Fields (pdf)
- Comparison of Austrian Winter Pea and Winter Triticale for Use as Cover Crops
- Mitigating High Phosphorus Soils, BUL 851, 2008
- Triticale for Phosphorus Removal (pdf)
- Winter Cereal/Corn Double Crop Forage Production and Phosphorus Removal, 2006
- Southern Idaho Winter Triticale Forage P in Manured Fields (pdf)
- Phosphorus Removal in a Double Cropped Forage System (pdf)
Wheat
Fertilizer
- Cropping and Fertilizing Wheat and Barley in the Camas Prairie — Fairfield Area (pdf)
- Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture-Fertilizer Interrelations with Irrigated Winter Wheat in the Southern High Plains, 1965
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is typically the most important nutrient for wheat as it is the most limiting to production. Effective N management is also important to protect groundwater quality. Effective nitrogen management differs for different wheat production systems and marketing classes. Nitrogen application rate, timing, source and method may all influence wheat yield and quality. Quality concerns related to N include grain protein, gluten strength, test weight; and for durum, vitreous kernels.
- Nitrogen Management for Enhanced Value of Irrigated Barley (pdf)
- Nitrogen Availability from Manure in Years Following a One-Time Application (pdf)
- Dairy Manure Nitrogen Availability in Eroded and Noneroded Soil for Sugarbeet Followed by Small Grains, 2011
- Fifteen Years of Wheat Yield, N Uptake and Soil Nitrate-N Dynamics in a Biosolids-Amended Agroecosystem, 2010
- Slow Release N Source and Timing for Irrigated Winter Wheat (pdf)
- Enhanced Nitrogen for Hard Wheat Yield and Protein (pdf)
- Seed Banded N for Winter Wheat (pdf)
- In-Season Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability from Fall Compost Application in Spring Wheat (pdf)
- Slow Release N for Furrow Irrigated Hard Red Spring Wheat Yield and Protein, 2009 (pdf)
- Slow Release Nitrogen and Winter Wheat (pdf)
- Slow Release Nitrogen for Irrigated Hard Red Spring Wheat Yield and Protein (pdf)
- Available Nitrogen After the Wheat Harvest (pdf)
- Management of Urea Fertilizer to Minimize Volatilization, 2007
- Saving Energy and Fertilizer Costs — Best Management Practices for Southern Idaho Small Grain Producers, CIS 1127, 2006
- Biofumigant Nitrogen Release and Influence on Subsequent Onion and Wheat as Affected by Phosphorus (pdf)
- Irrigated Hard Winter Wheat Response to Fall, Spring and Late Season Applied Nitrogen, 2006
- Nitrogen Management for Hard Wheat Protein Enhancement, PNW 578, 2005
- Late Summer — Fall N Release After Wheat as Affected by Previous Crop (pdf)
- Phosphorus Removal in a Double Cropped Forage System (pdf)
- Spring Soil N Test for Irrigated Winter Wheat (pdf)
- Nutrient Management Following the 2000 PIK Program (pdf)
- Crop Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities, IPM 1016, 2002 (pdf)
- Predicting Protein with Flag Leaf N — Madras Case Study (pdf)
Phosphorus
- Phosphorous Fertilization of Late-Planted Winter Wheat in No-Till Fallow: Applied Research in the Low-Precipitation Zone, PNW 631, 2012
- In-Season Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability from Fall Compost Application in Spring Wheat (pdf)
- Irrigated Winter and Spring Wheat Response to P in Calcareous High Lime Soil (pdf)
- Phosphorus Removal in a Double Cropped Forage System (pdf)
Phosphorus, potassium and sulfur
Conservation Tillage Practices
- Effects of Tillage System and Nitrogen Supply on Sugar Beet Production, 2012
- Impact of Residue Cover and Nitrogen Applications on Strip Tilled Sugar Beet Production: Year 2 (pdf)
- Chaff Rows and Nitrogen Application in Strip Tillage — Year 1 (pdf)
- Nitrogen Mineralization Response to Tillage Practices on Low and High Nitrogen Soils, 2010
- Effect of Tillage on Nitrogen Availability to Sugar Beets (pdf)
- Effect of Tillage Method, Tillage Timing, and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rate on Sugarbeet Production: Year 1 Summary (pdf)
- Cultural Management of Green Manure Crops for the Sugar Beet Cyst Nematode Management (pdf)
Manure
- Dairy Manure Nitrogen Availability in Eroded and Noneroded Soil for Sugarbeet Followed by Small Grains, 2011
- Dairy Compost Utilization in Cropping Systems (pdf)
- Dairy Manure/Compost N Release for Sugarbeets and Subsequent Wheat (pdf)
- Long Term Effects of Dairy Compost on Crop Production and Soil Quality (pdf)
Micronutrients
- Boron and Sugarbeets — What Are the Risks? (pdf)
- Effect of Corn, Sugarbeets and Fallow on Zinc Availability to Subsequent Crops, 1986
Nitrogen
- Nitrogen Requirement for Sugar Beets: A Summary of Past and Present Research Findings (pdf)
- Managing Chaff Trails and Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications in Strip-Till Sugar Beet Production (pdf)
- Nitrogen Availability from Manure in Years Following a One-Time Application (pdf)
- Nitrogen Availability and Uptake by Sugarbeet in Years Following Manure Application, 2012
- Dairy Manure Nitrogen Availability in Eroded and Noneroded Soil for Sugarbeet Followed by Small Grains, 2011
- Impact of Residue Cover and Nitrogen Applications on Strip Tilled Sugar Beet Production: Year 2 (pdf)
- Nitrogen Mineralization Response to Tillage Practices on Low and High Nitrogen Soils, 2010
- Chaff Rows and Nitrogen Application in Strip Tillage — Year 1 (pdf)
- Effect of Tillage on Nitrogen Availability to Sugar Beets (pdf)
- Effect of Tillage Method, Tillage Timing and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rate on Sugarbeet Production, 2012 (pdf)
- Fall Nitrogen to Sugarbeets? (pdf)
- Dairy Manure/Compost N Release for Sugarbeets and Subsequent Wheat (pdf)
- Using Soil Texture to Guide Variable-Rate Nitrogen Fertilization (pdf)
- Nutrient Management Following the 2000 PIK Program (pdf)
- Studies of Nitrogen Mineralization in Sugarbeets for Improved Crop Management (pdf)
- Nitrogen Mineralization in Elmore County Soils Growing Sugar Beets (pdf)
- An On-Farm Study of Nitrogen Mineralization in Sugarbeets and Its Implications for Nitrogen Management (pdf)
- Sugar Beet Fertility Trials in Elmore County (pdf)
Phosphorus
- Banded P Placement for Sugarbeets in Calcareous Soil, 2004 (pdf)
- Starter and Deep Banded P on Sugarbeets in Alkaline Soil (pdf)
Potassium
- Impact of Excessive Potassium on Sugarbeet Quality (pdf)
- Potassium and Sodium Uptake Effects on Sucrose Concentration and Quality of Sugarbeet Roots, 1986
- Potassium and Sodium Uptake by Sugarbeets as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization Rate, Location and Year, 1986
Seed Coating
- A Comparison of RV5 Seed Coating With and Without Nutrients in Pelleted Sugar Beet Seed to Raw Seed for Emergence, Top Tare, and Sugar Yields (pdf)
- Enhancing Seedling Emergence by Seed Treatments — The Future (pdf)
Wastewater
Nutrient Sources
- Enhanced Fertilizer Efficiency Products (pdf)
- Clinoptilolite Zeolite Influence on Inorganic Nitrogen in Silt Loam Sandy Agricultural Soils, 2011
- Slow Release Nitrogen for Irrigated Hard Red Spring Wheat Yield and Protein, 2009 (pdf)
- Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization by Pacific Northwest Field Crops, PNW 513, 1999